Friday, December 27, 2019

Nothing Poetry and Persona - 1579 Words

Breaking Through BREAKING THROUGH Myrna Pena Reyes Haltingly I undo the knots around your parcel that came this morning. A small box should require little labor, but you’ve always been thorough, tying things tight and well. the twine lengthens, curls beside the box. I see your fingers pull, snapping the knots into place (once your belt slapped sharply against my skin) You hoped the package would hold its shape across 10,000 miles of ocean. It’s not a bride’s superstition that leaves the scissors in the drawer. Unraveling what you’ve done with love I practice more than patience a kind of thoroughness I couldn’t see before. I shall not let it pass. My father, this undoing is what binds us. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE†¦show more content†¦The knots also symbolized of how patient the persona’s father, it definitely reflects the he tied the box. In the poem, there is a mention of belt in the 10th line of first stanza. It says, â€Å"once your belt slapped sharply against my skin,† it is being enclosed in the parenthesis for further emphasis. The belt that the author projects in line 10 only symbolizes that the persona’s father is a man of discipline. He slaps the persona sometime in his/her childhood to discipline him/her. Through the belt, it shaped the persona for he/she no. through the father’s slapping, the persona learned things between bad and good, and right or wrong. The belt also symbolizes display or the manifestation of power. It only shows that during childhood of the persona, he/she exists in the patriarchal world. Indeed, during the persona’s childhood, he/she exists in te patriarchal society for he/she experienced being beaten by the father. Not using the scissors in cutting could also mean a lot in the poem. As an assertion, the persona did not use the scissors to unravel the tight knots of the box because the persona wanted to savor the moment of unraveling with love. If the person uses the scissors, it will project that the persona is non-appreciative of the love of the father. Not using the scissors could also mean that the persona prolonged the excitement by opening itShow MoreRelated Essay on Adams Curse - Everyones Fate, Everyones Tragedy983 Words   |  4 Pageshardships of writing poetry, being beautiful, and staying in love. By linking the two stories, he implies that such endeavors are not only laborious aspects of life, but can be destined to end or fail also. Yeats further establishes the inevitability of something ending by setting the conversation at one summers end (1) and later having the speakers see the last embers of daylight die (29) when the conversation itself dies. Before the conversation dies, however, Yeats persona begins the talkRead MoreI Am the World1431 Words   |  6 Pagesdaigdig† comes in the form of a declaration spoken in the first person, with the persona describing him/herself. Among the descriptions the speaker attributes to him/herself are â€Å"daigdig† (â€Å"the world†) and â€Å"tula† (â€Å"the poem† or â€Å"poetry†). We thus begin to see that the identity of the persona is open to interpretation, and from there we can say that two possibilities are at hand: the persona is a poem; or that the persona is a human being as a reader. Taking the first possibility, we can begin by pointingRead MoreThe Poetry of Walt Whitman versus William Carlos Williams Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesThe Poetry of Walt Whitman versus William Carlos Williams Perhaps the most basic and essential function of poetry is to evoke a particular response in the reader. The poet, desiring to convey on emotion or inspiration, uses the imagination to create a structure that will properly communicate his state of mind. In essence he is attempting to bring himself and the reader closer, to establish a relationship. William Carlos Williams contends that art gives the feeling of completionRead MoreAnalysis of William Wordsworths The World Is Too Much with Us1297 Words   |  5 PagesThe World is too much With Us by William Wordsworth William Wordsworth is among the founders of literary movement known as Romanticism that features Romantic poetry. Wordsworth is well known throughout his poetic works to e in constant communion with nature. He loves nature and strives to educate all about the significance of nature conservation. Unfortunately that is not normally the case, hence he snaps at people and the destruction that he witnesses around using this poem. In the poemRead More T.S. Eliots use of Poetic techniques in The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock and The Wasteland1310 Words   |  6 Pagesfathers of modern poetry, has written many great poems. Among the most well known of these are â€Å"The Waste Land, and â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†, which share similar messages, but are also quite different. In both poems, Eliot uses various poetic techniques to convey themes of repression, alienation, and a general breakdown in western society. Some of the best techniques to examine are ones such as theme, structure, imagery and language, which all figure prominently in his poetry. These techniquesRead MoreThe Raven And American Romanticism Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pageshis lover (Prince and Allan 4). Surprisingly, when he decides to open the door, he comes to nothing new except a sound echoing Lenore a reverberation from his thoughts. Coming back to his room, he again hears a knock and simply imagines that it was pre sumably the strong wind blowing from outside. A raven enters and expeditiously roosts upon a bust of Pallas over his entryway (Prince and Allan 3). The persona asks the bird of its name, the raven reacts, Nevermore. This left the narrator disturbed. EvenRead MoreStopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening And Desert Places922 Words   |  4 PagesFrost’s literary career were spent on his poultry farm in Derry, New Hampshire as he toiled his land. Although Frost made for a bad farmer and suffered many difficulties and losses, it was during that time when he developed his colloquial style of poetry. Of his numerous works, â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† and â€Å"Desert Places† both share a common wintertime setting and similar, but contrasting, language and themes. From the features that draw on the distinctness between the poems is theirRead More1.) What Principles Do Franklin And Thoreau Propose For1340 Words   |  6 Pagespracticed in 19th-century America. Douglass illuminates the aspect of Christianity in relation to the way Christians also uphold the institution of slavery. He views it has ironic that those who claim the Christian faith also believe that there is nothing wrong in the practice of slavery. Douglass questions how one can be a true Christian and still not see that slavery in morally and religiously wrong. He ultimately critiques the way people practice the faith and still uphold slavery. Douglass goesRead MoreStylistic Analysis: To--- by Peter Shelley1649 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage through Poetry: A Stylistic Analysis of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s â€Å"To ---â€Å" A Stylistic Paper Presented to The Faculty of the Department of English Institute of Arts and Sciences Far Eastern University Manila In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirement for the Course Eng C 31—Introduction to Stylistics Osabel, Julla C. Panis, Kimberly Nicole S. October, 2012 I. Reaction and it’s effects on you II. Summary of the Text Percy Bysshe Shelley’s â€Å"To ---â€Å" isRead MoreSince U Went Away1170 Words   |  5 Pagesthe speaker. The author even adds that nothing seems to be going right without his special person or object (the meaning of right, according to Macmillan, is as would be normal [Right].) This image goes a long way in showing the readers how much the departure of this person or object has affected the authors life. Things are no longer going on as they used to normally. The second stanza only goes on to describe this image in more detail. The persona says that the sky seems only half as blue

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Essay about Witchcraft, Magic and Rationality - 2265 Words

Witchcraft, Magic and Rationality Social Anthropology seeks to gauge an understanding of cultures and practices whether they are foreign or native. This is achieved through the studying of language, education, customs, marriage, kinship, hierarchy and of course belief and value systems. Rationality is a key concept in this process as it affects the anthropologist’s interpretation of the studied group’s way of life: what s/he deems as rational or plausible practice. Witchcraft and magic pose problems for many anthropologists, as its supernatural nature is perhaps conflicting to the common Western notions of rationality, mainly deemed superior. In this essay I will be exploring the relationship between rationality and witchcraft and†¦show more content†¦The Yorubas chanting to the god Shango is no different to the congregation of a church singing hymns. Both are with good intentions, and both may ask for some divine intervention. Labelling one form magic and one religion is just semantics. To question whether it is rational to believe in witchcraft and magic is in fact just a question as to whether the belief in supernatural intervention is rational. Is it irrational to believe in things that we cannot prove in a rational manner? At this point I would say ‘Yes’. It is illogical to believe in things that cannot be proven. Proof must be a condition for belief or we could believe almost anything to exist, for example flying pigs. It is evidence that makes belief different from faith, which is having trust in things that often appear to have no substantiation. However to use rationality as a determining factor of proof, and therefore belief, means that it must be a flawless concept within itself. But is this so? If we decide that it is irrational to believe in things that cannot be proven then we are at the same time saying that it is only rational to believe in things that can be proven. However there are many things that evade the boundaries of Western science, for example emotions. Can we prove love exists? It is something invisible, intangible and there is no objective proof for this emotion; no way to scientifically monitorShow MoreRelatedMagic, Science, And Religion1542 Words   |  7 Pages Magic, science, and religion are culturally constructed concepts that we use as ways of apprehending, comprehending, and interacting to orient ourselves within the world. A world without meaning cannot be interpreted—chaos, a state of complete disorder and confusion, is the most feared idea by humans. The human brain tries to create meaning out of the chaos and meaninglessness of the world in an effort to understand its surroundings. By gaining an understanding of the world and how it functionsRead MoreEssay on Science and Religion2169 Words   |  9 Pagesseminal work, Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande. In this ethnography, Evans-Pritchard examines how completely encompassing the Azande tradition of magic and witchcraft is to the people. He states, â€Å"In this web of belief, every strand depends upon every other strand.†(Evans-Pritchard, XX) Here he speaks of how enmeshed the Azande belief in witchcraft is in their culture. Every part of it depends upon the existence of witchcraft, just as their absolute belief in witchcraft depends uponRead MoreDoes Magic Really Exist? Essay881 Words   |  4 Pages Some people have a strong belief in magic and say that it is all around us. Others scoff at the idea of something being deemed magical and say that there is a rational explanation for anything and everything. Magic, and whether or not it does exists, is in the eye of the beholder. Every person is going to have a different view on magi c, if asked, because it means something different to each being. Magic is something that cannot be described with one explanation; the word has too much meaningRead MoreThe Physical Pain, Mental Suffering, and Moral Wickedness of Evil1533 Words   |  6 PagesAfrica also, there are people in every community who are suspected as witch causing harm and misfortune to their relatives and neighbors through the use of magic, sorcery and witchcraft. This practice of witchcrafts and sorcerers are considered as the central point of evil because there are against people in society. The practice of witchcraft is neither good nor evil in itself: but when people use it for the purpose of harming others becomes evil. The Wazaramo people believe that evil is an independentRead MoreSummary of Napoleons Buttons Chapter 12: Molecules of Witchcraft1836 Words   |  8 Pageskilled ranged up to the millions which included men, women, children, and even aristocrats as they were accused of witchcraft. Although, poor and elderly women were the ones effected the most from multitudes of paranoia and delusions in those centuries. However, certain molecules played a role in this discrimination that ultimately led millions to their demise. Toil and Trouble Witchcraft, prior to 1350, was regarded as sorcery where one controls nature in their own interest by protecting crops orRead MoreEssay about Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, and the Ethnographic Text5376 Words   |  22 Pages postmodernism places nothing outside of the text; Derrida states, â€Å" for no thing is ever outside language, and hence inescapable of being expressed in text† (1976:35). Given the postmodern concern with the problematics of presence, intention, rationality, and causation in the production of texts, the process of deconstruction provides a methodology to critically analyze the process and ways in which social texts are organized. Postmodern Texts nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Denzin writes, â€Å"textsRead MoreEssay about Ecofeminism4924 Words   |  20 Pagesarguments of the feminist ecologists and deal with the concept of Ecofeminism. The second part will sketch the main arguments of Rosemary Radford Reuther book, Gaia and God. The final part of this essay will analyze: Starhawks The Spiral Dance, Witchcraft as Goddess Religion, The Homeric Hymn to Demeter, and the Descent of Inanna and examine the pros and cons of the position that a return to goddess worship would save our planet. Part One Ecofeminisms Ecofeminism is a multicultural perspectiveRead MoreAstrology and Alchemy - the Occult Roots of the Mbti4990 Words   |  20 Pagesbeen marginalised under modern industrial capitalism – witchcraft, herbalism, astrology, alchemy, and so forth. Reasserting an interest in such practices and the worldviews which underpin them holds out the possibility of breaking with the obsessions of modernity which Burrell believes have wrought far more harm than good for the majority of the world’s population. He urges us to abandon notions of inevitable progress and the rule of rationality, to give up attachment to linear order and to embraceRead MoreCulture and Religion8004 Words   |  33 Pageswhich traditional Christian beliefs were placed under attack. Enlightened philosophers and scientists, who relied on reason and experience, questioned the â€Å"obscure† Christian beliefs that hindered the creation of a new society that was based on rationality. In response to this critique, some Protestant scholars tried to meet the new scientific thinking. They began to study the Bible more critically, taking into account the various literary forms in which the Bible was written. They also r elatedRead MoreEssay about A Mercy Notes4980 Words   |  20 Pagesdevil—whom they not only believed had cloven hooves, but who appeared as a dark-skinned man. The Widow Ealing’s daughter Jane has been born with one eye tilted to the side, or wall-eyed. The settlement seems to believe that her eye signifies some kind of magic powers (the â€Å"evil eye†), and is frightened of her. The widow whips Jane’s legs periodically, apparently for two purposes.   To drive the devil out of her daughter through pain and punishment. Devout people believed that God would send hardship to those

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Safeguarding children free essay sample

Safeguarding children  and young people is more than just protecting them from direct abuse. Every service that works with children and young people have a much wider role to play than just to protect from abuse and neglect. There are a number of important aspects of the wider view of safeguarding as stated in the Staying Safe Action Plan. These Include- Crime and Bullying: This could be helping victims of crime and also helping those that commit crime. This could also be witnesss that need support Bullying could be racially motivated, cyber, text. Making sure that children and parents are given the information to protect themselves Actively promoting their welfare in a healthy and safe environment: Article 2. 2 of the staying safe action plan states that It is important that everyone – parents, practitioners, government – works together to create safe and accessible environments for children and young people wherever they are, whether at home, at school, at college, out playing, on transport, at nursery, in public spaces or in a youth club. We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is everyone’s responsibility to create these safe environments, so that all children and young people can enjoy and achieve. Missing children: As stated in article 3. 55 of the Staying Safe Action Plan, this aims to develop an action plan to implement the principles set out in The Children’s Society recommendations, to initiate an early review of emergency accommodation provision, to consider how local authorities can best provide safe places and ‘breathing spaces’ for young runaways; and revise the Missing from Home and Care guidance, in conjunction with the review of the Children Act 1989 regulations and guidance. This process will provide the opportunity to update and improve the current guidance issued in 2002, making explicit reference to services for particularly vulnerable groups such as children from abroad who may be trafficked. Forced marriage: A forced marriage is one where people are coerced into a marriage against their will and under duress (duress includes both physical and emotional pressure). Forced marriage is an abuse of human rights and cannot be justified on any religious or cultural basis. It is, of course, very different from arranged marriage, where both parties give consent. To address these concerns , as stated in article 4. 28 of the staying safe action plan the aim was to implement the Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007 by Autumn 2008. This will place FMU guidelines, including for social workers, police, education and health professionals, on a statutory footing. It will also give courts the power to make Forced Marriage Protection Orders, develop a coherent national policy for improving the safeguarding of children at risk of forced marriage including through building the capacity of schools to recognise and handle the issue; and continue the work of the Forced Marriage Unit to improve the prevention of forced marriage and to provide assistance to forced marriage victims within the UK and overseas. Keeping children safe from accidents: This includes accidents outside, in the home, fire safety, stranger danger, . Its important that children are taught to understand and manage risk.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Mass Communication free essay sample

Departmental structures within such colleges may separate research and instruction in professional or technical aspects of . Mass communication research includes media institutions and processes, such as diffusion of information, and media effects, such as persuasion or manipulation of public opinion. With the Internets increased role in delivering news and information, mass communication studies and media organizations have increasingly focused on the convergence of publishing, broadcasting and digital communication. The academic mass communication discipline historically differs from media studies and communication studies programs with roots in departments of theatre, film or speech, and with more interest in qualitative, interpretive theory, critical or cultural approaches to communication study. In contrast, many mass communication programs historically lean toward empirical analysis and quantitative research from statistical content analysis of media messages to survey research, public opinion polling, and experimental research. Interest in New Media and Computer Mediated Communication is growing much faster than educational institutions can assimilate it. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So far, traditional classes and degree programs have not been able to accommodate new paradigm shifts in communication technologies. Although national standards for the study of interactive media have been in place in the U. K. since the mid-nineties, course work in these areas tends to vary significantly from university to university. Graduates of Mass Communication programs work in a variety of fields in traditional news media and publishing, advertising, public relations and research institutes. Mass Communication free essay sample According to historical evidence, oral exchange of news was the common method of communication in ancient India, whereas the modern medium of communication system was originated since the end of the eighteenth century. The present inquiry deals with variety of sub topics when analyzing Indian mass media. The coverage, popularity, diversification, westernization, commercialization, technology, entertainment, education, politics, sex, violence, women and children, are some of such topics which are deeply and sociologically analyzed in the study. The print media, Radio, TV, and Films are taken into account as comprised of Indian mass media throughout the study. Having understood that the nature of mass media is determined by social conditions, a Herculean attempt is made to understand Indian mass media as a manifestation of social implications in association with the society of India. According to study, Indian mass media is a symbol as well as a reflection of India society, which is extremely heterogeneous, diverse, and most importantly, a place of wide range of opinions. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These criteria are relative, since the earliest forms of mass media (the printed book or pamphlet) were limited to the minority of a society that happened to be [emailprotected] com 20 literate and relatively close to the place of publication. There has been a continuous line of development of technologies since the earliest forms of media (rock paintings) to the latest digital forms that have expanded the capacity, speed and efficiency of transmission (McQuail, 2000). Meanwhile, as Block (1979) argues, mass media refers to methods of message transmission over space and time. Media involves a communication process by which messages are sent through space; both the [emailprotected] com Tilak Wijesundara International Journal of Communicology 2011;1(1) channels have come into existence and have been attracted by millions of listeners. Moreover, in India, Television made a humble debut when Doordarshan (DD) was initiated in 1959. Today, Television service is available throughout the country, directly as terrestrial TV and through cable operators, as satellite TV. When taking Films into consideration, India? s first Film was screened in 1896. Today, Indian Film industry which is widely known as â€Å"Bolliwood† is the largest Film industry in the world, producing over 800 Films annually. The present inquiry deals with variety of sub topics when analyzing Indian mass media. The coverage, popularity, diversification, westernization, commercialization, technology, entertainment, education, politics, sex, violence, women and children, are some of such topics which are deeply and sociologically analyzed in this regard. The print media, Radio, TV, and Films are taken into account as comprised of Indian mass media throughout the study. Having understood that the nature of mass media is determined by social conditions, a Himalayan attempt is made to understand Indian mass media as a manifestation of social implications prevalent in association with the society of India. It is due to this reason that a Sociological analysis is applied throughout the study as it bringsthe hidden realities of Indian society in general and its mass media in particular. Popularity Although it is evident that the overall popularity of mass media has been increasing, it is notable that this popularity varies in different media. In colonial India, print media had acquired an immense popularity among people as the vehicle of 21 sender and receiver devote time within that process (Hornic, Schlinger, 1981). So, in generally, as McQuail (2000) points out, it is not incorrect to denote the idea that the term „mass media? is shorthand to describe means of communication that operate on a large scale, reaching and involving virtually everyone in a society to a greater or lesser degree. It refers to a number of media that are now longestablished and familiar, such as newspapers, magazines, film, radio, television and the phonograph (recorded music). As historical factors indicate, oral exchange of news was the common method of communication in ancient India. As Malhan (1992) illustrates, religions and religious places (places of worship) employed every available medium of communication in that period. In addition, bathing places, tanks, riverbanks, sea shores, chopals also acted as forms of communication. It is also evident that educational institutions equally played a significant role in activating the process of communication in India in the past. The modern medium of communication system is seen to be originated in the land of India since the end of the eighteenth century. The print media came into existence at the end of the eighteenth century symbolizing the first modern medium of communication and information. Indian press today is one of the largest in the world with more than 30,000 Newspapers published with an annual circulation that exceeds 55 million copies. Meanwhile, it is true to state that India was among one of the earliest countries to adopt broadcasting. The cable subscriber base has increased from around 0. 05 million in the early 90s? to around 24 million by 1999-2000. Today, it is possible to view over 75 channels over satellite cable Television. In any case, as many studies do suggest, the prevalence of audio-visual media has not crippled the popularity of films. As Malhan (1992) suggests, even though TV and Video provide most of the ingredients within the home with all the comforts, people still prefer to see pictures on wider screens in crowded halls. In fact, Films provide the most direct communication to the mind and images do not need to be translated to be understood. It cuts language barriers and can be enjoyed by both the educated and the fool alike. The songs and dances in Films are immensely popular among masses and popular Film stars live in the hearts of common people for generations. What is interesting to see is that Western audiences are becoming more interested in Indian Films, which has made Indian Films a global phenomenon. Diversification The diversification has been a notable feature in Indian mass media. This symbolizes the diversity of India? s people. In 2001, India had 45,974 newspapers 22 independent movement and the voice of the people. Nevertheless, it is evident that this popularity shifted to Radio and TV with their emergence as audio-visual media, and this shift is significant after independence. Simultaneously, newspapers made a detachment of the general public. It is true that newspapers today have become a class medium. According to the present estimates, newspapers are purchased and read by less than 20% of India? s total population. Meanwhile, the broadcasting media have the capacity to reach out to the people in every four corners of the country. By indicating the popularity of Indian Radio, Malhan (1992) illustrates, â€Å"as a comparatively low cost spoken word medium, it has become a constant companion for farmers, workers, travelers, sports lovers and for all those who are interested in news, music, drama, quiz programs, farm bulletins, or views of eminent persons on public affairs. Because of its low cost and easy availability, it has been a common man? s paradise, and for people, a symbol of social respectability as well. However, it is incorrect to mention that the existence of print media has been totally paralyzed today, rather, evidence indicate that particularly the book publishing industry has been growing at an exceedingly higher level, with around 10,000 publishers and around 40,000 new titles every year. The domestic publishing market is in fact one of largest in the world today. Since its beginning, Television has acquired an immense popularity as the key media in the world. According to one idea, it is clear that Television is central to the processes of media saturation. Indeed, Television is central to modern society altogether (Abercrombie, 1997). The popularity of Television symbolizes the increase of [emailprotected] com [emailprotected] com Tilak Wijesundara International Journal of Communicology 2011;1(1) large country where many languages are spoken. Each of the larger languages supports its own Film industry: Urdu/Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam. Accordingly, the Indian film industry is placed in diverse regions as follows; ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Hindi/Urdu film industry, based on Mumbai is called „Bollywood The Marathi film industry, based on Mumbai and Pune The Tamil film industry, based on Chennai, Tamilnadu The Bengali film industry, based on Kolkata, West Begall The kannada film industry, based on the state of Karnataka The Telugu film industry, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh based on including 5364 daily newspapers published in over 100 languages. The largest number of newspapers were published in Hindi (20,589), followed by English (7,596), Marathi (2,943), Urdu (2,906), Bengali (2,741), Gujarati (2,215), Tamil (2,119), Kannada (1,816), Malayalam (1,505), and Telugu (1,289). The diversification is also apparent in Indian Broadcasting media. For instance, All India Radio? s (AIR) programs have been diversified over the years. Today, its home service programs are transmitted for 3. 91 hours every year. In addition, there are also external service transmissions which present programs in 17 foreign languages and 8 Indian languages for over 56 hours daily. AIR broadcasts programs for special audiences and occasions. Specific programs are relayed for the armed forces, women and children, youth students, industrial workers, and rural and tribal people. Fourteen stations broadcast daily programs twice a week in regional languages for women with the objective of providing entertainment and imparting information on household topics. Programs on family welfare, a very important information sector for the welfare of the women are planned and produced by 36 family welfare units at various broadcasting networks. These programs are integrated with the general programs as well as those meant for special audiences like rural, folk, women, youth, and industrial workers (Malhan,1992). Indian Television has achieved an immense success in reaching wide range of viewers. The prevalence of over 75 channels itself indicates its veracity. Doordarshan (DD) alone offers diverse national, regional, and local service for Indian Television viewers. The diversification is immensely visible in association with Indian Films. India is a [emailprotected] com The Malayalam film industry, based on the state of Kerala What all these factors suggest is that Indian mass media are highly diversified in order to access multitude of people. Commercialization/ Westernization In the present scenario, it has been often put forward the fact that Indian mass media are enormously subject to commercialization and Westernization. This is particularly true with regard to Television and Cinema. As D? Souza (1998) indicates, contemporary film making is a big financing venture more than ever before. It is usually controlled by commercial consideration rather than the demand o the art. Films make no demands on the power of thinking, rather, ignore it for the sake of commerce. This argument is supported by Malhan (1992) when he denotes the fact that the Cinema after independence is predominately commercial so far as feature films are concerned. 23 [emailprotected] com Tilak Wijesundara International Journal of Communicology 2011;1(1) advertisements or advertorials is disguised as news. Whatever it is, it can be assumed that the process of commercialization and westernization have been in a tremendous enhancement after 1990s than ever before, with the introduction of liberalization and privatization policies. Technology It is crystal clear that all the mainstream mass media in India are under the impact of high technological appliances. As Malhan (1992) indicates, the advanced technologies such as adaptation of satellite communication and broadcasting, electronic printing, electronic and digital technology, extensive use of Tele-communication, internet and computer machinery are enormously benefited by the print media today. Television and Radio too has no exception in this direction. Moreover, Indian Cinema is in extreme use of new and effective technology in the process of Film making, recording and screening. However, as D? Souza (1998) points out, even though India has been using an increasing level of technology, very powerful political and economic forces have gained control over technology in general and communication system in particular. This has obstructed the communication flow from and to the grass root level. What is indeed true is that Indian mass media today are in the hands of few business houses and companies. As Sahay et al (2006) remarks, the most visible change is the growing influence of commercial departments in the media companies in India.